Sunday 4 December 2016

Installed capacity by state or territory[edit]

Demand[edit]

Demand trends
During the fiscal year 2015-16, the electricity generated in utility sector is 1,090.851 billion KWh with a short fall of requirement by 23.557 billion KWh (-2.1%) against the 2.2% deficit anticipated. The peak load met was 148,463 MW with a short fall of requirement by 4,903 MW (-3.3%) against the 2.7% deficit anticipated. In LGBR 2016 report, India's Central Electricity Authority anticipated for the 2016–17 fiscal year, a base load energy surplus and peaking surplus to be 1.1% and 2.6% respectively.[38] Though few regions are expected to face energy shortage, power would be made available adequately from the surplus regions with the higher capacity inter regional transmission links.[39] By the end of calendar year 2015, India has become power surplus country despite lower power tariffs.[8][9][40][41]
All India (Anticipated) Power Supply Position in FY 2016-17[38]
RegionEnergyPeak Power
Requirement (MU)Availability (MU)Surplus(+)/Deficit(-)Demand (MW)Supply (MW)Surplus(+)/Deficit(-)
Northern357,459351,009-1.8%55,80054,900-1.6%
Western379,087405,370+6.9%51,43656,715+10.3%
Southern310,564320,944+3.3%40,14544,604+11.1%
Eastern151,336135,713-10.3 %21,38722,440+4.9%
North-Eastern16,19714,858-8.3%2,8012,695-3.8%
All India1,214,6421,227,895+1.1%164,377169,403+2.6%
Demand drivers
Of the 1.4 billion people in the world who have no access to electricity, India accounts for over 300 million. The International Energy Agency estimates India will add between 600 GW to 1,200 GW of additional new power generation capacity before 2050.[42] This added new capacity is equivalent to the 740 GW of total power generation capacity of European Union (EU-27) in 2005. The technologies and fuel sources India adopts, as it adds this electricity generation capacity, may make significant impact to global resource usage and environmental issues.[43]
Some 800 million Indians use traditional fuels – fuelwood, agricultural waste and biomass cakes – for cooking and general heating needs. These traditional fuels are burnt in cook stoves, known as chulah or chulha in some parts of India.[44] Traditional fuel is inefficient source of energy, its burning releases high levels of smoke, PM10 particulate matter, NOX, SOX, PAHs, polyaromatics, formaldehyde, carbon monoxide and other air pollutants.[45][46][47] Some reports, including one by the World Health Organisation, claim 300,000 to 400,000 people in India die of indoor air pollution and carbon monoxide poisoning every year because of biomass burning and use of chullahs.[48] Traditional fuel burning in conventional cook stoves releases unnecessarily large amounts of pollutants, between 5 and 15 times higher than industrial combustion of coal, thereby affecting outdoor air quality, haze and smog, chronic health problems, damage to forests, ecosystems and global climate. Burning of biomass and firewood will not stop, these reports claim, unless electricity or clean burning fuel and combustion technologies become reliably available and widely adopted in rural and urban India. The growth of electricity sector in India may help find a sustainable alternative to traditional fuel burning.
In addition to air pollution problems, a 2007 study finds that discharge of untreated sewage is single most important cause for pollution of surface and ground water in India. There is a large gap between generation and treatment of domestic wastewater in India. The problem is not only that India lacks sufficient treatment capacity but also that the sewage treatment plants that exist do not operate and are not maintained. Majority of the government-owned sewage treatment plants remain closed most of the time in part because of the lack of reliable electricity supply to operate the plants. The wastewater generated in these areas normally percolates in the soil or evaporates. The uncollected wastes accumulate in the urban areas cause unhygienic conditions, release heavy metals and pollutants that leaches to surface and groundwater.[49][50] Almost all rivers, lakes and water bodies are severely polluted in India. Water pollution also adversely impacts river, wetland and ocean life. Reliable generation and supply of electricity is essential for addressing India's water pollution and associated environmental issues.
Other drivers for India's electricity sector are its rapidly growing economy, rising exports, improving infrastructure and increasing household incomes.
Growth of Electricity Consumption in India[3][51]
Fiscal year
ending on		Consumption
(GWh)		% of TotalPer-Capita Generation
(in kWh) [clarification needed]
DomesticCommercialIndustrialTractionAgricultureMisc
31-Dec-19474,18210.11%4.26%70.78%6.62%2.99%5.24%16.3
31-Dec-19505,6109.36%5.51%72.32%5.49%2.89%4.44%18.2
31-Mar-195610,1509.20%5.38%74.03%3.99%3.11%4.29%30.9
31-Mar-196116,8048.88%5.05%74.67%2.70%4.96%3.75%45.9
31-Mar-196630,4557.73%5.42%74.19%3.47%6.21%2.97%73.9
31-Mar-197455,5578.36%5.38%68.02%2.76%11.36%4.13%126.2
31-Mar-197984,0059.02%5.15%64.81%2.60%14.32%4.10%171.6
31-Mar-1985124,56912.45%5.57%59.02%2.31%16.83%3.83%228.7
31-Mar-1990195,09815.16%4.89%51.45%2.09%22.58%3.83%329.2
31-Mar-1997315,29417.53%5.56%44.17%2.09%26.65%4.01%464.6
31-Mar-2002374,67021.27%6.44%42.57%2.16%21.80%5.75%671.9
31-Mar-2007525,67221.12%7.65%45.89%2.05%18.84%4.45%559.2
31-March-2012785,19422.00%8.00%45.00%2.00%18.00%5.00%883.6
31-March-2013824,30122.29%8.83%44.40%1.71%17.89%4.88%914.4
31-March-2014881,56222.95%8.80%43.17%1.75%18.19%5.14%957
31-March-2015938,82323.53%8.77%42.10%1.79%18.45%5.37%1010.0Provisional
The per capita annual domestic electricity consumption in India during the year 2009 was 96 kWh in rural areas and 288 kWh in urban areas for those with access to electricity in contrast to the worldwide per capita annual average of 2,600 kWh and 6,200 kWh in the European Union.[52]

Rural electrification[edit]

See also: Rural Electrification Corporation Limited
As of 31 July 2016, 98.46% of 597,464 villages in India are electrified.[53] Of those who did have access to electricity in rural India, the supply was intermittent and unreliable.[23]
Rural electrification rateState/UT (Electrification rate, Unelectrified villages)[54]
100%20 states and 6 union territories
99.00-99.99%Himachal Pradesh (99.81%, 34), Uttar Pradesh (99.77%, 224), Uttarakhand (99.52%, 76), Rajasthan (99.26%, 332), Madhya Pradesh (99.51%, 258), Karnataka (99.86%, 39), West Bengal (99.96%, 14)
95.00-98.99%Jammu & Kashmir (98.31%, 107), Tripura (98.03%, 17), Bihar (97.46%, 993), Chattisgarh (96.55%, 675), Odisha (95.33%, 2210)
90.00-94.99%Jharkhand (93.98%, 1775), Assam (92.31%, 1950), Manipur (91.55%, 201), Mizoram (94.03%, 42), Nagaland (94.14%, 82)
80.00-89.99%Meghalaya (85.9%, 42), Andaman & Nicobar Islands (86.11%)
Below 80%Arunachal Pradesh (73.3%, 1404)
India's Ministry of Power launched Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana (DDUGJY) as one of its flagship programme in July 2015 with the objective of providing round the clock power to the rural areas . It focuses on reforms in rural power sector by separation of feeder lines (rural households & agricultural) and strengthening of transmission and distribution infrastructure.The earlier scheme for rural electrification viz. Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana (RGGVY) has been subsumed in the new scheme as its rural electrification component.[55]

Electricity consumption[edit]

Satellite pictures of India show thick haze and black carbon smoke above India and other Asian countries. This problem is particularly severe along the Ganges Basin in northern India. Major sources of particulate matter and aerosols are believed to be smoke from biomass burning in rural parts of India, and air pollution from large cities in northern India.
India lit up at night. This media, courtesy of NASA, was taken by the crew of Expedition 29 on 21 October 2011. It starts over Turkmenistan, moving east. India begins past the long wavy solid orange line, marking the lights at the India-Pakistan borderline. New Delhi, India's capital and the Kathiawar Peninsula are lit. So are Mumbai, Hyderabad, Chennai, Bangalore and many smaller cities in central and southern India, as this International Space Station's video shifts south-eastward through southern India, into the Bay of Bengal. Lightning storms are also present, represented by the flashing lights throughout the video. The pass ends over western Indonesia.
Per-Capita Electricity consumption (kWh)[56] (in 2014–15 provisional)
State/Union TerritoryRegionPer-Capita Consumption
(kWh)
Dadra & Nagar HaveliWestern13,769
Daman & DiuWestern6,960
GoaWestern1,803
GujaratWestern2,105
ChhattisgarhWestern1,719
MaharashtraWestern1,257
Madhya PradeshWestern813
Western Region
PuducherrySouthern1,655
Tamil NaduSouthern1,616
Andhra Pradesh[57]Southern1,040
TelanganaSouthern1,356
KarnatakaSouthern1,211
KeralaSouthern672
LakshadweepSouthern657
Southern Region
PunjabNorthern1,858
HaryanaNorthern1,909
DelhiNorthern1,561
Himachal PradeshNorthern1,336
UttarakhandNorthern1,358
ChandigarhNorthern1,052
Jammu & KashmirNorthern1,169
RajasthanNorthern1,123
Uttar PradeshNorthern502
Northern Region
OdishaEastern1,419
SikkimEastern685
JharkhandEastern835
West BengalEastern647
Andaman & Nicobar IslandsEastern361
BiharEastern203
Eastern Region
Arunachal PradeshNorth Eastern525
MeghalayaNorth Eastern704
MizoramNorth Eastern449
NagalandNorth Eastern311
TripuraNorth Eastern303
AssamNorth Eastern314
ManipurNorth Eastern295
North Eastern Region
National1,010
Note: Per Capita Consumption=(Gross Electricity Generation + Net Import) / Mid Year Population.

Electricity generation[edit]

*Electricity generation in India till 2012
India's electricity generation from 1950 to 1985 were very low when compared to developed nations. Since 1990, India has recorded faster growth in electricity generation. India's electricity generation has increased from 179 TW-hr in 1985 to 1,057 TW-hr in 2012.[5] Power generation by coal fired plants and non conventional renewal energy sources (RES) has mainly contributed to the growth in the total electricity generation whereas the contribution from natural gas, oil and hydro plants has decreased in last four years (2012-2016). The gross utility electricity generation target (excluding RES and imports from Bhutan) is 1,173 billion kWh during the year 2016-17 against the corresponding actual generation of 1,102 billion Kwh during the year 2015-16 with 6.41% annual growth target.[58][59] The CEA generation data is nearly 5% more than the NLDC data.
Yearly gross electricity generation - mode wise (GWh)[3]
YearFossil FuelNuclearHydroSub
total		RESUtility and Captive Power
CoalOilGasMini
hydro		SolarWindBio
mass		OtherSub
total		UtilityCaptiveMiscTotal
2014-15835,8381,40741,07536,102129,2441,043,666nana28,214nana61,7801,105,446166,426na1,271,872
2013-14746,0871,86844,52234,228134,847961,552nanananana59,6151,021,167156,643na1,177,810
2012-13691,3412,44966,66432,866113,720907,040nanananana57,449964,489144,009na1,108,498
2011-12612,4972,64993,28132,286130,511871,224nanananana51,226922,451134,387na1,056,838
Notes: Coal includes lignite also; na → data not available;
The total generation from all renewable energy sources is nearly 15% of the total electricity generation (utility and captive) in India.

Thermal power[edit]

A thermal power plant in Maharashtra
India's electricity sector consumes about 72% of the coal produced in the country.[60]

Pollution from thermal power plants[edit]

The high ash content in India's coal affects the thermal power plant's potential emissions.[61] Therefore, India's Ministry of Environment and Forests has mandated the use of beneficiated coals whose ash content has been reduced to 34% (or lower) in power plants in urban, ecologically sensitive and other critically polluted areas, and ecologically sensitive areas. Coal benefaction industry has rapidly grown in India, with current capacity topping 90 MT.
India has an extensive review process, one that includes environment impact assessment, prior to a thermal power plant being approved for construction and commissioning. The Ministry of Environment and Forests has published a technical guidance manual to help project proposers and to prevent environmental pollution in India from thermal power plants.[62] The operating coal fired power stations need to invest nearly INR 12.5 millions per MW capacity for installing pollution control equipment to comply with the latest emission norms notified by the Ministry of Environment and Forests in the year 2016.[63][64]

Coal supply constraints[edit]

Demand, production and import of coal[65] (in million tonnes)
A large part of Indian coal reserve is similar to Gondwana coal. It is of low calorific value and high ash content. The carbon content is low in India's coal, and toxic trace element concentrations are negligible. The natural fuel value of Indian coal is poor. On average, the Indian power plants using India's coal supply consume about 0.7 kg of coal to generate a kWh, whereas United States thermal power plants consume about 0.45 kg of coal per kWh. This is because of the difference in the quality of the coal, as measured by the Gross Calorific Value (GCV). On average, Indian coal has a GCV of about 4500 Kcal/kg, whereas the quality elsewhere in the world is much better; for example, in Australia, the GCV is 6500 Kcal/kg approximately.[66] India imported nearly 95 Mtoe of steam coal and coking coal which is 29% of total consumption to meet the demand in electricity, cement and steel production.[67] China has banned import of high ash coal, high sulphur coal and contaminated coal with trace metals which are causing air pollution.[68]
The state and central power generation companies are permitted by Government of India with flexible coal linkage swaps from inefficient plants to efficient plants and from plants situated away from coal mines to pit head to minimize cost of coal transportation thus leading to reduction in cost of power [69]

Natural gas supply constraints[edit]

The installed capacity of natural gas-based power plants and the ready to be commissioned with the commencement of natural gas supply is nearly 26,765 MW at the end of financial year 2014-15. These base load power plants are operating at overall PLF of 25% only due to severe shortage of Natural gas in the country.[70] Imported LNG was too costly for the power generation. Many of these power stations are shut down throughout the year for lack of natural gas supply. Natural gas shortage for power sector alone is nearly 100 MMSCMD.[71] The break even price for switching from imported coal to LNG in electricity generation is estimated near 6 US$/mmBtu.[72] Indian government has taken steps to enhance the generation from the stranded gas based power plants for meeting peak load demand by waiving applicable import duties and taxes due to drastic fall in the LNG and crude oil international prices.[73]
During the year 2016, global LNG spot prices have been falling drastically below 6 US$/mmBtu due to excess production capacity.[74] Though LNG landed prices are competitive to the electricity generation from the imported coal, there is limitation to import LNG due to lack of adequate regasification capacity.[75] By the middle of 2016, LPG international spot prices have also fallen drastically due to LPG market glut.[76] This would facilitate use of LPG in place of Naphtha or diesel oil (23 kg of LPG is equal to one mmbtu) where the gas based power plants are not able to receive re-gasified LNG.[77] This is possible by injecting cheap imported LPG in to the natural gas supply pipelines up to the permitted hydrocarbon dew point.
Gasification of Char/Coal
Gasification of coal or lignite or biomass, produces syngas or coal gas or wood gas which is a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide gases. Coal gas can be converted into synthetic natural gas by using Fischer–Tropsch process at low pressure and high temperature. Coal gas can also be produced by underground coal gasification where the coal deposits are located deep in the ground or uneconomical to mine the coal.[78] Synthetic natural gas production technologies have tremendous scope to meet the SNG requirements of gas-based power stations fully using the locally available coal (or imported coal in short run). Dankuni coal complex is producing syngas which is piped to the industrial users in Calcutta.[79] Many coal based fertiliser plants which are shut down can also be retrofitted economically to produce synthetic natural gas for bridging natural gas shortages. It is estimated that SNG production cost would be below 6 $ per mmBtu.[80][81] The indigenously produced natural gas by the Exploration & Production (E&P) contractors sold at prevailing international gas prices do not guarantee the natural gas supply whereas the SNG produced from coal/ biomass is reliable & dependable fuel supply to the gas based power stations and other natural gas consumers.

Replacement of old thermal power plants[edit]

A super thermal power plant in Rajasthan
India's coal-fired, oil-fired and natural gas-fired thermal power plants are inefficient and offer significant potential for greenhouse gas (CO2) emission reduction through better technologies. India's thermal power plants emit 50% to 120% more CO2 per kWh produced when compared to the average emissions from their European Union (EU-27) counterparts.[82] The central government has firmed up plans to shut down 11,000 MW of thermal power generation capacity that are at least 25 years old and replace with bigger size plants of super-critical pressure technology totalling to at least 20,000 MW with for an estimated investment of ₹70,000 crore (US$10 billion).[83] As part of this plan around 100 old units of capacities ranging between 60 MW to 220 MW will be replaced by around 30 state-of-the-art super-critical units ranging between 660 MW to 800 MW, thus saving ₹40,000 crore (US$5.9 billion) on land acquisition as well infrastructure cost like rail and water linkages along with facilities like ash pond and power evacuation lines.
Recently few old diesel generator plants and gas turbine plants (Vatwa 100 MW) were also decommissioned. However their residual life can be used effectively for grid reserve service by keeping them in working condition and connected to grid.[84]

Renewable energy[edit]

Main article: Renewable energy in India
India's renewable energy sector is amongst the world's most active players in renewable energy utilization, especially solar and wind electricity generation.[85] As of June 2016, India had grid connected installed capacity of about 42.85 GW non-conventional renewable technologies-based electricity capacity, about 14.15% of its total; exceeding the capacity of hydroelectric power for the first time in history.[86][87][88][89]
Solar resources in India
Renewable energy installed capacity in India[4][88] (as of 31 March 2016)
TypeCapacity
(in MW)
Grid Connected Power
Wind26,866.66
Solar6,762.85
Small Hydro Power Projects4,273.47
Biomass Power & Gasification and Bagasse Cogeneration4,831.33
Waste to Power115.08
Total - Grid Connected Power42,849.38
Off-Grid/Captive Power
Biomass (non-bagasse) Cogeneration651.91
SPV Systems (>1 kW)313.88
Waste to Power160.16
Biomass Gasifiers182.39
Water Mills/Micro Hydro18.71
Aerogenerator/Hybrid Systems2.69
Total - Off-Grid/Captive Power1,329.74
As of August 2011, India had deployed renewable energy to provide electricity in 8,846 remote villages, installed 4.4 million family biogas plants, 1,800 microhydroelectric units and 4.7 million square metres of solar water heating capacity. India plans to add about 30 GW of installed electricity generation capacity based on renewable energy technologies by 2017.[90]
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